Protective Roles of Shilajit in Modulating Resistin, Adiponectin, and Cytokines in Rats with Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effect of Shilajit, a medicine of Ayurveda, on the serum changes in cytokines and adipokines caused by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).@*METHODS@#After establishing fatty liver models by feeding a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, 35 Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, including control (standard diet), Veh (HFD + vehicle), high-dose Shilajit [H-Sh, HFD + 250 mg/(kg·d) Shilajit], low-dose Shilajit [L-Sh, HFD + 150 mg/(kg·d) Shilajit], and pioglitazone [HFD + 10 mg/(kg·d) pioglitazone] groups, 7 rats in each group. After 2-week of gavage administration, serum levels of glucose, insulin, interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), adiponectin, and resistin were measured, and insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) was calculated.@*RESULTS@#After NAFLD induction, the serum level of IL-10 significantly increased and serum IL-1β, TNF-α levels significantly decreased by injection of both doses of Shilajit and pioglitazone (P<0.05). Increases in serum glucose level and homeostasis model of HOMA-IR were reduced by L-Sh and H-Sh treatment in NAFLD rats (P<0.05). Both doses of Shilajit increased adiponectin and decreased serum resistin levels (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The probable protective role of Shilajit in NAFLD model rats may be via modulating the serum levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, adipokine and resistin, and reducing of HOMA-IR.

Analysis of the chemerin and resistin adipokines in children and adolescents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To compare the serum concentrations of adipokines resistin and chemerin in children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight and to evaluate their relationship with anthropometric, biochemical, and blood pressure variables. METHODS a cross-sectional epidemiological study was conducted with 234 students enrolled in public elementary schools in the city of Juiz de Fora / MG. Anthropometric evaluation, biochemistry, and blood pressure measurement were performed. Statistical analyzes included the Student-t or Mann-Whitney tests, Pearson or Spearman correlation, used according to the distribution of the variables, and linear regression analysis, by means of the evaluation of the effect of the independent variables on the serum levels of chemerin and resistin, adjusted for age and sex. For the data analysis, SPSS® software version 21.0 and STATA® version 10.1 were used, assuming a significance level of 5%. RESULTS the concentrations of chemerin were higher in eutrophic individuals than in those with excess weight (p> 0.05). In contrast, levels of resistin were higher in the young with excess weight than in the eutrophic ones (p <0.05). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the levels of chemerin were associated with the values of resistin, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure. Resistance levels maintained association only with BMI and chemerin values. CONCLUSION the adipokines analyzed presented a distinct profile in the groups of children and adolescents with eutrophic and overweight.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Comparar as concentrações séricas das adipocinas resistina e quemerina em crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e excesso de peso e avaliar sua relação com as variáveis antropométricas, bioquímicas e a pressão arterial. MÉTODOS Estudo epidemiológico transversal realizado com 234 estudantes matriculados em escolas públicas do ensino fundamental no município de Juiz de Fora/MG. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica, bioquímica e aferição da pressão arterial. As análises estatísticas compreenderam os testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney, correlação de Pearson ou Spearman, utilizados de acordo com a distribuição das variáveis, e análise de regressão linear, realizada por meio da avaliação do efeito das variáveis independentes nos níveis séricos de quemerina e resistina, ajustado por idade e sexo. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizados os softwares SPSS® versão 21.0 e Stata® versão 10.1, admitindo-se nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS As concentrações de quemerina foram maiores nos indivíduos eutróficos do que nos com excesso de peso (p>0,05). Em contrapartida, os níveis de resistina estiveram maiores nos jovens com excesso ponderal do que nos eutróficos (p<0,05). Na análise de regressão linear múltipla, os níveis de quemerina apresentaram associação com os valores de resistina, pressão arterial sistólica e diastólica. Os níveis de resistina mantiveram associação apenas com os valores de IMC e quemerina. CONCLUSÃO As adipocinas analisadas apresentaram perfil distinto nos grupos de crianças e adolescentes com eutrofia e com excesso de peso.

Plasmatic adipocyte biomarkers and foot pain associated with flatfoot in schoolchildren with obesity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the potential association of foot pain and plasmatic adipocytes as physiological biomarkers of childhood obesity with the incidence of flatfoot in a cohort of Egyptian school children aged 6 -12 years. METHODS A total of 550 Egyptian schoolchildren (220 boys and 330 girls) aged 6-12 years were randomly invited to participate in this descriptive survey analysis. For all children, we assessed the diagnosis and severity of flatfoot as well as plasma adipocytes, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, and TNF-α, using the Dennis method and immunoassay techniques respectively. Foot pain was assessed by using a standard VAS of 100 mm and Faces Pain Scale, respectively. RESULTS Flat foot was predicted in 30.4% of school-age children, most of them showed a higher frequency of overweight (33.3%) and obesity (62.5%). Boys showed higher ranges of flat foot than girls. Foot pain significantly correlated with flat foot and obesity among the studied populations. In overweight-obese children, plasmatic adipocyte variables, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, IL-6, TNF-α.; showed significant correlations with foot stance, especially in boys. Also, the studied adipocyte variables along with BMI, age, gender explained about~65% of the variance of flatfoot with pain among our school-age students. CONCLUSION Foot pain showed an association with flat foot and childhood obesity in 30.4% of school-age students (6-12 years). Foot pain was shown to correlate positively with the incidence of flat foot and changes in adiposity markers, as well as adiponectin, leptin, resistin, Il-6, TNF-α

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a potencial associação de dor no pé e adipócitos plasmáticos como biomarcadores fisiológicos da obesidade infantil com incidência de pé plano em uma coorte de escolares egípcios de 6 a 12 anos. MÉTODOS Um total de 550 escolares egípcios (220 meninos e 330 meninas) com idades entre 6 e 12 anos foram convidados aleatoriamente para participar desta análise descritiva. Para todas as crianças, diagnóstico e gravidade do flatfoot, bem como adipócitos plasmáticos; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; foram avaliados pelo método de Dennis e técnicas de imunoensaio, respectivamente. A dor no pé foi avaliada usando uma EVA padrão de 100 mm e a Faces Pain Scale, respectivamente. RESULTADOS O pé plano foi predito em 30,4% das crianças em idade escolar; a maioria apresentou maior frequência de sobrepeso (33,3%) e obesidade (62,5%). Os meninos apresentaram maiores faixas de pé plano do que as meninas. A dor no pé correlacionou-se significativamente com pé plano e obesidade entre as populações estudadas. Em crianças obesas com sobrepeso, variáveis adipocitárias plasmáticas; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6 e TNF-α; apresentaram correlação significativa com a postura do pé, em meninos e meninas. Além disso, as variáveis estudadas dos adipócitos, juntamente com o IMC, idade e sexo, explicaram cerca de 65% da variância do pé plano com a dor entre os nossos alunos em idade escolar. CONCLUSÃO A dor no pé mostrou associação com pé plano e obesidade infantil em 30,4% dos estudantes em idade escolar (6-12 anos). A dor no pé se correlacionou positivamente com a incidência de pé plano e a mudança nos marcadores de adiposidade; adiponectina, leptina, resistina, IL-6, TNF-α.

Resistin and visfatin concentrations are related to central obesity and inflammation in Brazilian children

Background:The evidence that cardiovascular disease begins in childhood and adolescence, especially in the presence of excess weight, is associated with dysfunction on adipokine pro-inflammatory secretion. These affect glucose metabolism and lead to other complications related to insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. This study assessed the association of anthropometric and metabolic parameters related to obesity, cardiovascular risk,and insulin resistance with concentrations of resistin and visfatin, in children. Methods: A cross-sectional study was developed with 178 children of 6­10 years old enrolled in public city schools. Anthropometric data, composition body, clinical, and biochemical were measured according to standard procedures. We used multiple regression models by stepwise method to evaluate the associations of resistin and visfatin with variables of interest.RESULTS: In healthy weight children, resistin was associated with LDL cholesterol, visfatin, atherogenic index, andwaist-to-height ratio, whereas in obese children resistin was associated with visfatin and interaction between conicity index and HOMA-AD. Furthermore, in healthy weight children, visfatin was associated to resistin and triceps skinfold thickness and negatively associated to HOMA-AD, while in obese ones visfatin was associated with waist-to-height ratio, atherogenic index, resistin, and interaction between trunk adiposity index and adiponectin and wasnegatively associated with the HOMA-IR index.CONCLUSIONS:Our study shows an association between anthropometric and biochemical variables related tovisceral fat and inflammation. These results suggest the resistin and visfatin as good pro-inflammatory markers. In addition, both adipokines are strongly related to central obesity, in children. In addition, both adipokines are strongly related to central obesity, in children.

Clinical Significance of Serum Adipokines according to Body Mass Index in Patients with Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer Undergoing Radical Prostatectomy

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of 7 circulating adipokines according to body mass index (BMI) in Korean men with localized prostate cancer (PCa) undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-two of 65 prospectively enrolled patients with clinically localized PCa who underwent RP between 2015 and 2016 were evaluated. Patients were classified into 2 groups according to their BMI: non-obese (< 25 kg/m²) and obese (≥25 kg/m²). The adipokines evaluated were interleukin-2, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), chemerin, C-X-C motif chemokine 10, adiponectin, leptin, and resistin. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent predictors of advanced tumor stage. RESULTS: We found that obese patients with PCa who underwent RP had a higher incidence of tumors with a high Gleason score (≥8), pathological T3 (pT3) stage, and positive extraprostatic extension than patients with a normal BMI. Additionally, patients with obesity showed significantly lower serum adiponectin and higher serum leptin levels, but did not show differences in other adipokines. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that IGF-1 (odds ratio [OR]=1.03) was identified as a predictor of advanced tumor stage (≥pT3) in the overall population. However, only leptin remained an independent predictive factor for advanced tumor stage (≥pT3) (OR=1.15) in patients with obesity. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, our results indicate that a higher leptin level in obese men can be considered a risk factor for aggressive PCa. This prospective study provides greater insight into the role of circulating adipokines in Korean patients with PCa undergoing RP, particularly in patients with obesity.

Association of Adipokines with Development and Progression of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic liver disease affecting 30% of the general population and 40% to 70% of obese individuals. Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in its pathogenesis, as it produces and secretes pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines called adipokines. Adiponectin and leptin have well-determined actions in terms of NAFLD pathophysiology. Adiponectin deficiency is associated with a pro-inflammatory condition, as it is observed in obesity and other metabolic disorders. On the other hand, increased leptin levels, above the normal levels, act as a pro-inflammatory stimulus. Regarding other adipokines (resistin, visfatin, chemerin, retinol-binding protein 4, irisin), data about their contribution to NAFLD pathogenesis and progression are inconclusive. In addition, pharmacological agents like thiazolidinediones (pioglitazone and rosiglitazone), that are used in the management of NAFLD exert favourable effects on adipokine levels, which in turn may contribute to the improvement of liver function. This review summarizes the current knowledge and developments in the association between adipokines and NAFLD and discusses possible therapeutic implications targeting the modulation of adipokine levels as a potential tool for the treatment of NAFLD.

Inflammatory biomarkers responses after acute whole body vibration in fibromyalgia

The aims of this study were 1) to characterize the intensity of the vibration stimulation in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia (FM) compared to a control group of healthy women (HW) matched by age and anthropometric parameters, and 2) to investigate the effect of a single session of whole body vibration (WBV) on inflammatory responses. Levels of adipokines, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors (sTNFr1, sTNFr2), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was estimated by a portable gas analysis system, heart rate (HR) was measured using a HR monitor, and perceived exertion (RPE) was evaluated using the Borg scale of perceived exertion. Acutely mild WBV increased VO2 and HR similarly in both groups. There was an interaction (disease vs vibration) in RPE (P=0.0078), showing a higher RPE in FM compared to HW at rest, which further increased in FM after acute WBV, whereas it remained unchanged in HW. In addition, there was an interaction (disease vs vibration) in plasma levels of adiponectin (P=0.0001), sTNFR1 (P=0.000001), sTNFR2 (P=0.0052), leptin (P=0.0007), resistin (P=0.0166), and BDNF (P=0.0179). In conclusion, a single acute session of mild and short WBV can improve the inflammatory status in patients with FM, reaching values close to those of matched HW at their basal status. The neuroendocrine mechanism seems to be an exercise-induced modulation towards greater adaptation to stress response in these patients.

La resistina se asocia con la proteína C reactiva y marcadores de riesgo cardiovascular en niños obesos / Resistin is associated with C reactive protein and cardiovascular risk markers in obese children / A resistina associa-se à proteína C reativa e aos marcadores de risco cardiovascular em crianças obesas

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar los niveles de resistina sérica y su asociación con la proteína C reactiva (PCR-hs), óxido nítrico (NO) y lípidos plasmáticos (LP) en sujetos de edad pediátrica. Participaron 366 niños y adolescentes (10-16 años), agrupados en eutróficos (n=162) y obesos (n=204). Se les estudió peso, talla, circunferencia de la cintura, resistina sérica, glucosa e insulina basal, LP, NO, PCR-hs, malondialdehído y tensión arterial. Se calculó el IMC, el índice cintura-talla (IC/T) y el HOMA-IR. Se utilizaron las pruebas t de Student, ANOVA, U de Mann y Whitney o Kruskal- Wallis para comparar entre grupos y la correlación de Spearman para determinar asociación entre variables. Los obesos masculinos presentaron niveles superiores de resistina (p<0,05). El género femenino presentó valores más altos de resistina en eutróficos (p=0,012) y con IC/T normal (p=0,011). A mayor concentración de resistina los eutróficos presentaron niveles más altos de triacilglicéridos, pero los obesos mostraron niveles más bajos de triacilglicéridos, HDLc y NO, más altos de PCR-hs y mayor IMC. Los resultados sugieren que la resistina podría ser un factor de riesgo para la enfermedad cardiovascular por su asociación positiva con la PCR-hs e inversa con el NO y la HDLc, parámetros involucrados en la inflamación y la disfunción endotelial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate seric levels of resitin and their association with high-sensitivity C Reactive Protein (hs-CRP), nitric oxide (NO) and plasmatic lipids (PL) in a pediatric age population. A total of 366 children and adolescents (between 10-16 years old) participated, and were grouped into eutrophic (n=162) and obese (n=204). Weight, height, waist circumference, resistin, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, PL, hs-CRP, NO, malondialdehyde and blood pressure were measured. BMI, waist to height ratio (W/HR) and HOMA-IR were calculated. T-student, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U-value or Kruskal-Wallis were used to compare between groups and Spearman correlation was used to determine association among variables. Male obese subjects showed higher resistin levels (p<0.05). Female subjects showed higher resistin values in the eutrophic group (p=0.012) and in the normal W/HR (p=0.011). At higher levels of resistin, the eutrophic group showed higher levels of triacylglycerides, but the obese group showed lower triacylglycerides, HDLc and NO levels and higher hs-CRP levels and BMI. These results suggest that resistin could be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease because of its positive association with hs-CRP and inverse association with NO and HDLc, parameters involved in inflammation and endothelial dysfunction.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar os níveis séricos de resistina sérica e sua associação com a proteína C-reativa (PCR-hs), óxido nítrico (NO) e lipídios plasmáticos (LP) em crianças e adolescentes. O estudo envolveu 366 crianças e adolescentes (10-16 anos), agrupados em eutróficos (n=162) e obesos (n=204). Os sujeitos foram estudados em relação ao peso, altura, circunferência da cintura, resistina sérica, glicose e insulina basal, LP, NO, PCR-hs, malondialdeído e pressão arterial. Os IMC, índice cintura-altura (IC/A) e HOMA-IR foram calculados. Foram utilizados os Testes t de Student, ANOVA, U de Mann e Whitney ou Kruskal-Wallis para comparar entre os grupos e a correlação de Spearman para verificar a associação entre variáveis. Os obesos masculinos mostraram níveis mais elevados de resistina (p<0,05). O sexo feminino apresentou valores mais altos de resistina em eutróficos (p=0,012) e com IC/T normal (p=0,011). À maior concentração de resistina, os eutróficos apresentaram maiores níveis de triacilglicerídeos, mas os obesos apresentaram níveis mais baixos de triacilglicerídeos, HDLc e NO, mais altos de PCR-hs e maior IMC. Os resultados sugerem que a resistina poderia ser um fator de risco para a doença cardiovascular devido à sua associação positiva com a PCR-hs e inversa com o NO e a HDLc, parâmetros envolvidos na inflamação e disfunção endotelial.

Linking resistin, inflammation, and cardiometabolic diseases

Adipose tissue secretes a variety of bioactive substances that are associated with chronic inflammation, insulin resistance, and an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. While resistin was first known as an adipocyte-secreted hormone (adipokine) linked to obesity and insulin resistance in rodents, it is predominantly expressed and secreted by macrophages in humans. Epidemiological and genetic studies indicate that increased resistin levels are associated with the development of insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Resistin also appears to mediate the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by promoting endothelial dysfunction, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, arterial inflammation, and the formation of foam cells. Thus, resistin is predictive of atherosclerosis and poor clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease and heart failure. Furthermore, recent evidence suggests that resistin is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia and hypertension. The present review will focus on the role of human resistin in the pathogeneses of inflammation and obesity-related diseases.

The Serum Levels of Resistin and Its Relationship with Other Proinflammatory Cytokines in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to analyze the levels of resistin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and also investigate a potential relationship between resistin levels and TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP levels in patients with AD. METHODS: The study included fifty patients with AD and 30 healthy controls with normal cognitive functions. The serum resistin, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and CRP levels were assessed. We performed a Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to evaluate the general cognitive performance. RESULTS: The mean serum resistin, IL-1β, IL-18, and TNF-α levels were significantly higher in patients with AD compared with the controls (p=0.026, p=0.002, p=0.003, and p=0.038, respectively). The IL-6 and CRP levels did not differ between the groups (p=0.874 and p=0.941). The resistin levels were positively correlated with the levels of CRP and IL-18 (r=0.526, p0.05 for all). CONCLUSION: Serum resistin levels were significantly increased and correlated with some inflammatory markers in AD patients, suggesting that resistin might play a role in the inflammatory process of AD.

Obesity, Serum Resistin and Leptin Levels Linked to Coronary Artery Disease / Obesidade, Soro Resistina e Níveis de Leptina Ligados à Doença Arterial Coronariana

Abstract Background: Clinical studies have demonstrated that adipocytokines play an important role in developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The aim of study was to evaluate the relationship between serum resistin and leptin levels with obesity and coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, we assessed the levels of serum resistin and leptin, C-reactive protein (CRP), lipid profile and cardiac enzyme tests (AST, CPK, LDH, CK-MB) in 40 CAD patients compared to 40 healthy controls. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height for calculating of body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC) were performed for evaluation of obesity. Results: CAD patients had increased levels of leptin and CRP, (p < 0.001), cholesterol (p < 0.05), triglyceride (p < 0.01), and WC (p < 0.05) compared to healthy controls. There was no statistical difference between CAD and control subjects for resistin (p = 0.058). In a multiple regression analysis, only an association between serum leptin with BMI (β = 0.480, p < 0.05) and WC (β = 1.386, p < 0.05) was found. Conclusions: The findings suggest that leptin is a better marker of fat mass value than resistin and may be considered an independent risk factor for cardiac disorders that is largely dependent on obesity. However, further prospective studies are needed to confirm these results.

Resumo Fundamento: Estudos clínicos demonstraram que adipocitocinas têm papel importante no desenvolvimento de doenças cardiovasculares ateroscleróticas. Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre níveis de leptina e resistina em soro com obesidade e doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos: Em estudo transversal, avaliamos os níveis de resistina e leptina em soro, proteína C-reativa (CPR), perfil lipídico e testes de enzimas cardíacas (AST, CPK, LDH, CK-MB) em quarenta pacientes com DAC comparados a 40 controles saudáveis. Para avaliação de obesidade, foram feitas as medições antropométricas, incluindo peso e altura para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunferência da cintura (CC). Resultados: Pacientes com DAC apresentaram aumento nos níveis de leptina e CPR, (p < 0,001), colesterol (p < 0,05), triglicérides (p < 0,01) e CC (p < 0,05) em comparação aos controles. Não houve diferença significativa entre DAC e controles com relação à resistina (p = 0,058). Na análise de regressão múltipla, foi encontrada apenas uma associação entre leptina em soro ao IMC (β = 0,480, p < 0,05) e CC (β = 1,386, p < 0,05). Conclusões: Os achados sugerem que a leptina é melhor marcadora de valor de massa gorda do que a resistina, e pode ser considerada um fator de risco, dependente da obesidade, independente para distúrbios cardíacos. Contudo, outros estudos prospectivos serão necessários para a confirmação desses resultados.

Interleucina-6 y resistina en relación con las medidas antropométricas en escolares / Interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children

La prevalencia mundial de obesidad infantil ha aumentado considerablemente en las últimas tres décadas. La creciente incidencia en niños de trastornos como diabetes tipo 2, se cree es consecuencia de esta epidemia. Aunque los mecanismos exactos aún no están claros, la producción o secreción de adipocinas causadas por el exceso de tejido adiposo y su disfunción, pueden contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades metabólicas relacionadas con la obesidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar en escolares las concentraciones séricas de interleucina-6 (IL-6) y resistina, y relacionarlas con las medidas antropométricas. Se estudiaron 103 escolares. La evaluación antropométrica incluyó peso, talla, pliegue tricipital (PTr), circunferencia de cintura (CC), índice cintura-talla (C/T) e índice de masa corporal (IMC). Las concentraciones de IL-6 y resistina fueron determinadas según el método ELISA. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 20. Se consideró el 95% de confiabilidad estadística (p<0,05). La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue 15,54% y obesidad 11,65%. Los escolares con CC aumentada, índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) e IMC (sobrepeso) mostraron valores significativamente más elevados de IL-6. Solo los escolares con CC aumentada e índice C/T (sobrepeso/obeso) mostraron valores promedio más altos de resistina (p<0,05). La interleucina-6 mostró correlación positiva con CC (r=0,229;p=0,020) e índice cintura-talla (r=0,397;p<0,001); la resistina con el índice cintura-talla (r=0,283;p=0,004). Estos resultados sugieren que la CC y el índice cintura-talla son buenos indicadores antropométricos en escolares, pues su incremento se correlaciona de manera positiva con las citocinas proinflamatorias, vinculadas con el aumento del riesgo cardio-metabólico en la población infantil.

The worldwide prevalence of childhood obesity has increased greatly over the past three decades. The increasing occurrence in children of disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, is believed to be a consequence of this obesity epidemic. Although the precise mechanisms are still unclear, dysregulated production or secretion of adipokines caused by excess adipose tissue and adipose tissue dysfunction can contribute to the development of obesity-related metabolic diseases. The objective of the study was to determine the serum levels of interleukin-6 and resistin in relation to anthropometric measurements in school children. One hundred and three school-age children were studied. The anthropometric assessment included weight, height, triceps skinfold (TSF), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and Body Mass Index (BMI). Interleukin-6 and resistin levels were measured by ELISA. The data were analyzed using the SPSS version 20 statistical program and 95% CIs (p<0.05) was considered significant. BMI values indicated that 15.54 % of the population was overweight, and 11.65 % was obese. We found that scholars with excess WC, WHtR and BMI (overweight) had higher levels of IL-6 and scholars with excess WC and WHtR had higher levels of resistin (p <0.05). Interleukin-6 showed positive correlation with WC (r=0.229; p = 0.020) and waist-to-height ratio (r=0.397; p<0.001); and resistin with waist-to-height ratio (r=0.283; p= 0.004). These results suggest that WC and waist-to-height ratio are good anthropometric indicators in school children, contributing to early detection and prognosis of metabolic risks in children, due to their positive correlation with pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and resistin).

Asociación de la resistina con variables de dimensión y composición corporal en eutróficos y obesos / Association between resistin serum levels and dimension and body composition variables in children and adolescents

Background: Resistin is an adipokine secreted in adipose tissue that may be associated with the metabolic and endocrine disorders of obesity. Aim: To assess the association between serum resistin levels and body composition variables, in children and adolescents. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional assessment of 302 subjects, aged 10-16 years. According to body mass index, 124 were classified as eutrophic and 178 as obese. A clinical examination and pubertal assessment were performed. Body weight, height, waist and arm circumferences were measured. Serum resistin levels were measured using an immunoenzymatic assay. Results: Male obese children had significantly higher resistin levels than their eutrophic counterparts. Eutrophic women had higher levels than eutrophic males. No significant association between resistin and pubertal status was observed. In the whole sample and among obese subjects, resistin levels correlated with body mass index, tricipital skinfold, arm circumference, arm fat area and fat mass. Conclusions: There is a significant association between resistin levels and body composition variables, particularly with indicators of fat accretion.

Resistin: It's role in insulin resistance and mechanism of action / 生理学报

Resistin is a new adipokine found in vivo in recent years. Recent studies have indicated that resistin contributes to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and mediates inflammatory reaction via different signal pathways. As a signal factor between inflammation and metabolism, resistin is expected to provide new insights for the treatment of insulin resistance and T2DM. However, because specific receptor of resistin has not been identified in the body so far, the molecular mechanism of resistin actions is still unclear. In this article, we review the latest progresses of resistin study, especially the role of resistin in insulin resistance and its signaling mechanism.

Association of Adipokines, Insulin Resistance, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia in Patients with Psoriasis Vulgaris

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammation in psoriasis causes insulin resistance and cardiovascular diseases. Adipokines are adipose-tissue-derived factors that are involved in metabolic processes. It is thought that these adipokines are associated with the development of psoriasis. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine the changes in adipokine levels, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia over a 12-week period. METHODS: The study comprised 35 psoriasis patients and 50 controls. Blood samples were obtained twice from the patients, one sample at the start and one at the end of a 12-week follow-up period. The following parameters were assessed in both groups: serum fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, serum lipids, adiponectin, leptin, resistin, chemerin, omentin, vaspin, visfatin, retinol-binding protein 4, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels; blood pressure; body mass index; and the psoriasis area severity index (PASI) scores. RESULTS: The patients showed an improvement in the PASI score and a significant decrease in serum hs-CRP, omentin, and chemerin values. Moreover, at the start of the follow-up, the psoriasis patients had significantly lower levels of adiponectin and visfatin and significantly higher levels of vaspin and resistin than those of the control group. Visfatin levels correlated negatively with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and cholesterol, while vaspin and omentin levels correlated positively with diastolic blood pressure. Decreased adiponectin levels correlated negatively with diastolic blood pressure and LDL. CONCLUSION: Plasma levels of adipokines might be useful for evaluating the disease activity of psoriasis and its comorbidities.

Adipokines, Superoxide Dismutases and Progression of Symptomatic Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the relationship between adipokines and antioxidation enzyme and the risk of progression of symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS). METHODS: Of 409 patients who participated in the TOSS-2 (trial of cilostazol in symptomatic intracranial stenosis-2) study, 52 patients showed progression of symptomatic ICAS on magnetic resonance angiography at seven months after an index stroke. We randomly selected 20 patients with progression and 20 age- and sex-matched control patients. We serially collected blood sample initially, one month, and seven months after an index stroke. Then, multiplex analysis of biomarkers was performed for adiponectin, resistin, leptin, and superoxide dismutase-1, 2, 3. RESULTS: Demographic features and risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking history were comparable between the two groups. Control group showed higher adiponectin levels at 7 months than progression group (P=0.05) and a significant in-creasing trend (P for trend=0.01). Resistin, leptin, and superoxide dismutase-1, 2, 3 levels were not different between the progression and control group initially, one month, and seven months after an index stroke. CONCLUSION: Increase of adiponectin level showed protective effect in the progression of ICAS. Resistin, leptin, and superoxide dismutase-1, 2, 3 levels are not different between the groups. Further large numbers of patients with longer follow-up studies are needed.

Advances in the Relationship between Adipokines and β-cell Failure in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus / 中国医学科学院学报

β-cell failure coupled with insulin resistance plays a key role in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Changed adipokines in circulating level form a remarkable link between obesity and both β-cell failure and insulin resistance. Some adipokines have beneficial effects,whereas others have detrimental properties. The overall contribution of adipokines to β-cell failure mainly depends on the interactions among adipokines. This article reviews the role of individual adipokines such as leptin,adiponectin,and resistin in the function,proliferation,death,and failure of β-cells. Future studies focusing on the combined effects of adipokines on β-cells failure may provide new insights in the treatment of T2DM.

Correlación entre el indiceadiponectina/resistina y albuminuria enpacientes diabéticos tipo 2 hipertensos / Correlation between the adiponectin/resistin index and albuminuria in hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients

Evaluar si hay correlación entre los niveles de adipocitocinas, el índice A/R,con la albuminuria en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 hipertensos (DM2HTA). Material y Método: se incluyeron 30 pacientes DM2HTA, sin tratamiento antihipertensivo previo, en quienes los niveles de adipokinas fueron medidos por duplicado mediante ELISA(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN), en todos ellos de determinó albuminuria de 24 horas por nefelometría. El índice A/R se determinó mediante la fórmula (1+log10 Resistinalog10 Adiponectina), como fue descrito. La relación entre los niveles de adipokinas y del índice A/R con la albuminuria se determinó con el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: no se encontró correlación entre los niveles de adiponectina y el grado de albuminuria (R= -0,09, p > 0,05), ni con los de resistina (R= 0,23 p>0,05),sin embargo encontramos una correlación significativa entre el índice A/R (R= 0,312,p<0,01) y la presencia de albumina en orina de 24 horas. Conclusión: los resultados muestran una mayor asociación del índice A/R con daño renal en el paciente hipertenso con DM2 que los niveles de adipokinas, por lo que puede ser un marcador de riesgo de nefropatía, y a su vez un blanco terapéutico...

Interaction of Polymorphisms of Resistin Gene Promoter -420C/G, Glutathione Peroxidase -1 Gene Pro198Leu and Cigarette Smoking in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Many studies have suggested that cigarette smoking and polymorphisms of resistin and glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) genes are closely correlated with the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, few reports have investigated these associations with respect to NAFLD susceptibility. We, therefore, examined the distribution of polymorphisms in GPx-1 and resistin genes in NAFLD patients and healthy controls and analyzed the relationship between these polymorphisms and smoking status.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Nine hundred NAFLD patients and 900 healthy controls were selected, and the genetic polymorphisms of resistin gene promoter-420C/G and GPx-1 gene Pro198Leu were analyzed by polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Interactions between the two mutants and the gene-environment interaction with cigarette smoking were also analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Genotype frequencies of -420C/G (GG) and Pro198Leu (LL) were significantly higher in NAFLD cases (49.56% and 50.11%, respectively) compared with healthy controls (23.67% and 24.22%, respectively) (P = 0.0069; P = 0.0072). Moreover, the risk of NAFLD with -420C/G (GG) was significantly higher than in controls (odds ratio [OR] =3.1685, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.9366-5.2073). Individuals carrying Pro198Leu (LL) had a high risk of NAFLD (OR = 3.1424, 95% CI = 1.7951-5.2367). Combined analysis of the polymorphisms showed that the -420C/G (GG)/Pro198Leu (LL) genotype was significantly more common in the NAFLD group than in the control group (39.44% vs. 12.78%, respectively, P = 0.0054), while individuals with -420C/G (GG)/Pro198Leu (LL) had a high risk of NAFLD (OR = 5.0357, 95% CI = 3.1852-7.8106). Moreover, the cigarette smoking rate in the NAFLD group was significantly higher than in the control group (OR = 1.8990, P = 0.0083 in the smoking index (SI) ≤400 subgroup; OR = 5.0937, P = 0.0051 in the SI >400 subgroup), and statistical analysis suggested a positive interaction between cigarette smoking and -420C/G (GG) (γ = 5.6018 in the SI ≤400 subgroup; γ = 4.4770 in the SI >400 subgroup) and Pro198Leu (LL) (γ = 5.7715 in the SI ≤400 subgroup; γ = 4.5985 in the SI >400 subgroup) in increasing the risk of NAFLD.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>NAFLD risk factors include -420C/G (GG), Pro198Leu (LL) and cigarette smoking, and these three factors have a significant additive effect on NAFLD risk.</p>

Effects of telmisartan on resistin expression in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and insulin resistance / 中华肝脏病杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of telmisartan on expression of resistin in serum and liver under conditions of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and insulin resistance using a rat model system.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a normal control group (NC, n=10), a model control group (MC, n=15), a polyene phosphatidylcholine prevention group (PP, n=10), and a telmisartan prevention group (TP, n=10). The NC group was given a standard diet and the other groups were given a high-fat diet for 16 weeks in order to induce NASH. At the end of week 12, 5 rats in the MC group were sacrificed for pathology confirmation of the NASH model. At the end of week 12, the TP group was given telmisartan (8.0 mg/kg/d) and the PP group was given polyene phosphatidylcholine (8.4 mg/kg/d) for an additional 4 weeks by intragastric administration. At the end of week 16, all rats were sacrificed and body weights recorded. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), resistin, insulin and fasting blood glucose were measured. The insulin resistance value, HOMA-IR, was assessed by homeostasis mode assessment. Liver expression of the resistin protein was detected by western blotting and of the resistin mRNA was detected by RT-PCR. The F test and LSD test were used for statistical analyses.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared to the NC group, the body weight and HOMA-IR of rats in the MC group were significantly increased (P<0.01). The levels of serum resistin, and of resistin protein and mRNA in liver, were significantly higher in the MC group than in the NC group of rats (all P less than 0.01). The body weight of rats in the TP group was significantly lower than those in the MC group (P<0.05). The levels of serrn resistin, resistin protein and mRNA in the liver, and insulin resistance were significantly lower in the TP group than in the MC group of rats (all P<0.01). The PP group did not show significant differences in any of these measures, except for loss of body weight (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Telmisartan elicits preventive and protective effects in a NASH rat model.Telmisartan may improve insulin resistance in NASH rats by decreasing the expression of serum resistin, and liver resistin protein and mRNA.</p>